Garlicky Great Northern Beans and Broccoli Rabe over Toast - Half Cup Habit

Ingredients

• 2 cups great northern beans (dried, soaked overnight and drained; may substitute navy, cannellini, or other white beans)
• water
• 1 onion (studded with 12 whole cloves)
• 2 large carrot
• 1 (3 by 5-inch) strip kombu ((dried seaweed))
• 3 bay leaf
• 3 tbsp olive oil (extra virgin)
• 1 large bunch broccoli rabe (cut into 1-inch pieces)
• 6 cloves garlic (finely chopped)
• 1 tsp salt (kosher; plus more to taste)
• ¼ tsp pepper (black; freshly ground)
• 6 thick slices bread (rustic sourdough; lightly toasted)
• 1 tbsp chili oil ((optional))
• ¼ cup parmesan cheese (vegan or traditional; grated or shaved)